Not just a taxonomist, but a naturalist! The foundations of "Froehlich's Autonomous Stonefly Republic"

ABSTRACT Prof. Dr. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich's career is presented here using numbers and actions guided by a genuine way to study biodiversity, especially aquatic ecosystems. An extensive number of publications is accompanied by an investment in human resources training and establishing a vast network of collaborators and friendships. Dr. Peter Zwick mentioned the Southeast Region of Brazil as "Froehlich's Autonomous Stonefly Republic", to express the magnitude of Prof. Froehlich's scientific production on Neotropical Plecoptera. In this special volume in honor of Prof. Froehlich, the numbers of his career support Zwick's affirmation. Thirty-nine students graduated in MSc and/or PhD courses, two books, and 20 book chapters were published, as well as 95 articles on geoplanids, onychophorans, cnidarians, mayflies, coleopterans, caddisflies, and especially stoneflies. Froehlich's legacy includes different ways to observe nature, from taxonomy to ecology, from flatworms to stoneflies.

Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics.

The relationship between detritivore diversity and decomposition can provide information on how biogeochemical cycles are affected by ongoing rates of extinction, but such evidence has come mostly from local studies and microcosm experiments. We conducted a globally distributed experiment (38 streams across 23 countries in 6 continents) using standardised methods to test the hypothesis that detritivore diversity enhances litter decomposition in streams, to establish the role of other characteristics of detritivore assemblages (abundance, biomass and body size), and to determine how patterns vary across realms, biomes and climates. We observed a positive relationship between diversity and decomposition, strongest in tropical areas, and a key role of abundance and biomass at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that litter decomposition might be altered by detritivore extinctions, particularly in tropical areas, where detritivore diversity is already relatively low and some environmental stressors particularly prevalent.

A new species of Chimarra Stephens 1829 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) and new caddisfly records from Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

Trichoptera is the largest order of exclusively aquatic insects, comprising more than 16,000 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. There are about 800 species recorded from Brazil so far, mostly from the North, Southeast, and South regions. In Northeastern Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has only one Trichoptera species recorded so far (Oecetis excisa). Here, Chimarra (Chimarra) potiguar n. sp. is described and illustrated. The new species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the following features: Segment X has its mesal lobe elongate, sub-rectangular; lateral lobes long and rounded apically, dorsal margin with subapical invagination; the apex of each inferior appendage has a pronounced apicodorsal acute projection, and the phallotremal sclerite complex is curved, with small spines dorsally. Chimarra (C.) potiguar is morphologically similar to Chimarra (Chimarra) bidens, but the new species differs from it by the length and shape of the mesal lobe and lateral lobes of segment X, and by general shape of the basal regions of inferior appendages. Five additional caddisfly species are recorded for the first time from Rio Grande do Norte state: three in Hydropsychidae (Leptonema sparsum, Macrostemum hyalinum, and Smicridea (Smicridea) palifera) and two in Polycentropodidae (Cyrnellus fraternus and Cernotina bibrachiata).

New species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) based on nymphs and imagos from Chapada Diamantina's Complex, Northeast Brazil.

Miroculis Edmunds represents one of the most species-rich genera amongst Neotropical leptophlebiids comprising 25 valid species, with 18 of them reported from Brazil. Although several species have been described throughout the years, the taxonomy of Miroculis has focused mainly on male imagos, with other semaphoronts often unknown. Here, Miroculis (Miroculis) niltoi sp. nov. is described based on nymphs and imagos from Chapada Diamantina's Complex, Northeast Brazil. Male imagos of M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. can be distinguished by the styliger plate being medially cleft with a well-sclerotized ventrally-directed process at the posteromedial margin, while female imagos can be distinguished by the egg guide being well-developed, reaching sternum IX, and sternum IX about as long as wide, with a shallow apical cleft. Together with Miroculis (Miroculis) samba Costa, Almeida Salles and Miroculis (Miroculis) wolverine Costa, Almeida Salles, M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. represents species within Miroculis with male imago exhibiting both extremely long penes and styliger plate. Now, Miroculis comprises 26 valid species, with 19 of them reported from Brazil.

Catalog of the Neotropical Trichoptera (Caddisflies).

The Neotropical caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna is cataloged from a review of over 1,000 literature citations through 2015 (partial 2016) to include 3,262 currently recognized, valid species-group names in 25 families and 155 extant genera. Fourteen subspecies are included in the total as well as 35 fossil species and 1 fossil genus. The region covered includes all of Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. Genus-group and species-group synonyms are listed. For each nominal species, information on the type locality, type depository, sex of type, distribution by country, and other pertinent taxonomic or biological information is included. Summary information on taxonomy, phylogeny, distribution, immature stages, and biology are provided for each family and genus where known. An extensive index to all nominal taxa is included to facilitate use of the catalog. The glossosomatid species Mexitrichia usseglioi Rueda Martín & Gibon, is transferred to Mortoniellacomb. n.

A new species of snail-case caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) and new records of caddisflies from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil.

A new species of Helicopsyche subgenus Feropsyche from Chapada Diamantina is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. Helicopsyche catoles n. sp. is easily distinguished from congeners by the following features: inferior appendages clavate, each bearing a posteroventral projection with 2-4 setae in lateral view, and tergum X with a notched apex and a short setal row along its length in dorsal view. Additionally, new records from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, are presented. A total of 31 species, including the new species, are recorded, belonging to 14 genera and 8 families. Two of these species constitute new records to Brazil (Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) succincta and Marilia misionensis) and another 10 of these species represent new records for Bahia [Chimarra (Curgia) hyoeides, Macronema hageni, M. partitum, Polyplectropus tragularius, Smicridea coronata, S. helenae, S. iguazu, S. jundiai, S. radula and Marilia major].

Two new species of the genus Centromacronema Ulmer 1905 (Hydropsychidae: Macronematinae) from Brazil.

Centromacronema is an endemic genus from the Neotropics, with distribution ranging from Mexico to southern Brazil. The genus comprises 15 described species, but only two of them have been recorded in Brazil: Centromacronema               auripenne (Rambur 1842) and C. obscurum (Ulmer 1905). Two new species are herein described and illustrated from   Brazil, C. pioneira n. sp. from Serra da Jiboia, Bahia state, including the first description of a female for the genus, and C. poyanawa n. sp. from Serra do Divisor, Acre state.

FOREWORD: EDITORS' INTRODUCTION.

Since its establishment ZOOTAXA has become not only a rapid journal for zoological systematics but also a respected forum for discussions of all taxonomic matters, and it has gradually attained a distinguished position among other zoological journals by its special issues. These collections of papers treat varied themes such as the Carl Linnaeus legacy (Zhang & Shear 2007, Minelli et al. 2008), cataloguing metazoan life (Zhang 2011, 2013), and promoting and discussing the future of taxonomic sciences, for example modification of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2008). For these reasons we offer this special issue to celebrate the fruitful career of the eminent Brazilian researcher Dr. Angelo Barbosa Monteiro Machado ("Professor Angelo" to his friends and colleagues).

Three new species of Helicopsyche von Siebold (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Brazil.

Three new species of Helicopsyche subgenus Feropsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from southern and southeastern Brazil are diagnosed, described, and illustrated: Helicopsyche angeloi sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in MZSP: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States), H. guara sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in MZSP: Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina States) and H. lazzariae sp. nov. (Holotype male in MZSP: Paraná State). The first two species are similar to H. cipoensis Johanson & Malm, 2006, and H. timbira Silva, Santos & Nessimian, 2014, in having similarly shaped inferior appendages. However, the new species differs in the morphology and distribution of setae on the inferior appendages and tergum X. Helicopsyche lazzariae sp. nov. is unlike any other described species in the subgenus Feropsyche because of its broad deltoid-shaped inferior appendage and absence of a basomesal process on the inferior appendage. Characters important for diagnosing and describing new species of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) are discussed. Finally, an updated checklist of the 23 species recorded for Brazil is presented.

New species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia) from Northeast Region, Brazil.

Three new species of Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Northeast Region of Brazil are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. Polycentropus brevicornutus n. sp. of the Polycentropus gertschi Group can be diagnosed mainly by its much reduced, almost vestigial intermediate appendages, and by the inferior appendages, which are deltoid and very linear in lateral aspect. The two new species of Polyplectropus are P. anchorus n. sp. and P. auriplicatus n. sp. in the P. annulicornis and P. bredini Groups, respectively. Polyplectropus anchorus n. sp. is very similar to P. annulicornis Ulmer 1905, but can be distinguished from its congener mainly by the endothecal spines without setae and with their apices directed dorsolaterad. Polyplectropus auriplicatus n. sp. resembles P. brasilensis but can be distinguished mainly by the shorter and deltoid intermediate appendages, the straighter dorsolateral processes of the preanal appendages, and the inferior appendages each with its mesoventral branch more developed and rounded.

A new species of Neoathripsodes Holzenthal, 1989 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) with new generic and species records in Bahia State, Brazil.

Trichoptera is the most species-rich clade of exclusively aquatic insects. In Brazil, 645 species have been recorded, distributed in 70 genera and 16 families. In the Northeast Region of Brazil, 85 species have been recorded, including 56 in Bahia State. Sixteen of the Northeast Region species belong to the family Leptoceridae. Among these, the long-horned caddisfly genus Neoathripsodes Holzenthal has been a monotypic genus since its erection more than 26 years ago. It is an endemic genus in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and only the male stage has been described for its only known species, Neoathripsodes anomalus. In this paper, we describe a new species of Neoathripsodes, with the first description of a female in this genus. Additionally, we present new records for the family Leptoceridae in Bahia, especially from the Serra Bonita Mountains, in order to help solve a long-term problem in Brazilian caddisfly research: An uneven proportion of studies in some regions of the country due to historical reasons. The Northeast Region of Brazil still remains a neglected area in which efforts to unearth its biodiversity should be focused. In this work, four species are recorded for the first time for Bahia State and its Serra Bonita Mountains: Grumichella rostrata Thienemann 1905, Neoathripsodes holzenthali n. sp., Nectopsyche fuscomaculata Flint 1983, and Notalina cipo Holzenthal 1986. Neoathripsodes and Notalina are new generic records for Bahia State. The following four species are new records for Serra Bonita: Atanatolica bonita Costa & Calor 2014, Oecetis martinae Quinteiro & Calor 2015, O. furcata Quinteiro & Calor 2015, and Triplectides gracilis (Burmeister 1839). Additional new distributional records for Bahia State are included in this study.

New species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil.

Two new species of Xiphocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) kamakan n. sp. has inferior appendages each with a shape discontinuity (twist) between the first and second articles of inferior appendage, similar to that found in X. (Antillotrichia) rhamnes Schmid 1982, X. (Antillotrichia) serestus Schmid 1982, and X. (Antillotrichia) mnesteus Schmid 1982; however, it can be distinguished from these species by each inferior appendage having two darkly sclerotized spinulous regions ventrally on the basomesal and midmesal margins. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) maiteae n. sp. can be differentiated from all other congeners by having the basoventral margin of each inferior appendage strongly produced posterad. A key to males of Brazilian species of Xiphocentron is provided. 

A new species of Tupiperla Froehlich, 1969 (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae) from Serra da Jibóia, Bahia, Brazil.

The gripopterygid genus Tupiperla comprises 18 species, 16 have been recorded from Brazil, including T. guariru n. sp., described here. The new species was collected from streams in the Serra da Jibóia region, Bahia State, Brazil using light traps. Additional material from Amargosa, Bahia State, Brazil was also studied.

Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) from Serra Bonita, Bahia, Brazil: new species and updated records.

There are 176 species representing eight genera and two families of Plecoptera known from Brazil. However, only ten of these species are recorded from the State of Bahia. In this study, an inventory of stoneflies from the southern region of Bahia State, Serra Bonita, including the municipality of Camacan, was undertaken from 2007-2012. Stoneflies were collected using UV light pan traps, Malaise traps, and aerial nets. One new gripopterygid species, Tupiperla bispoi n. sp., is described and illustrated. Four genera representing ten other species are recorded: Gripopteryx cancellata, G. clemira, G. garbei, G. pinima, Paragripopteryx sp., and Tupiperla tessellata (Gripopterygidae), Kempnyia alterosarum, K. gracilenta, K. jatim, and K. neotropica (Perlidae). With the present study, the number of known species of stoneflies recorded from Bahia State is 17, ten of these recorded from the Serra Bonita region.

A new species of Atanatolica Mosely 1936 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Serra Bonita, Bahia, Brazil.

The Neotropical genus Atanatolica includes 17 species distributed from Costa Rica to Brazil, but only two, A. brasiliana and A. flinti, have been recorded from Brazil, both occurring in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States. A new species, Atanatolica bonita n. sp., is described and illustrated based on males and females from the Atlantic Forest in Bahia State in northeastern Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by the following characters: Apicomesal and apicolateral processes of segment X of same length, long and digitate; and second article of each inferior appendage well developed, long, and thumb-shaped. Notes on demographic changes and correlations with seasonal variation and precipitation are also given.

The genus Macrostemum Kolenati 1859 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Neotropical Region: Description of two new species, taxonomic notes, distributional records and key to males.

The genus Macrostemum Kolenati contains 105. described species, with 15 valid species in the Neotropical region. The Adults are recognized principally by wing membranes strongly marked with dark and light colors. The Neotropical species Of Macrostemum were described based on the wing colors patterns and body morphology. In this paper we present a taxonomic study of the Neotropical species, descriptions of two new species from Brazil, distributional records and a key to males. The male of Macrostemum negrense Flint 1978 is described for the first time, Names of three Neotropical species, M. ramosum (Navás 1916), M. trigramma (Navás 1916), and M. triste (Navás 1916) are designated nomina dubia.